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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.3 Process Piping Minimum Temperature For Impact Testing   ±

Calculate ASME B31.3 process piping minimum temperature for impact testing from wall thickness and material type.

For carbon steel materials with a minimum temperature letter designation, the minimum temperature for testing can be calculated according to table 323.2.2A (curves A, B, C and D).

If the maximum stress is less than the design stress, the impact testing temperature can be reduced according to figure 323.2.2B using the stress ratio. The stress ratio is the maximum of hoop stress over design stress, combined stress over design stress, or operating pressure over pressure rating for pressure rated components. The reduction in impact testing temperature from stress ratio is valid for minimum temperatures listed in table A-1, and for minimum temnperatures calculated from a letter designation (curves A, B, C or D). Use the workbook ASME B31.3 data tables to look up minimum temperature and letter designation data.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.3 : Process Piping (2018)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping Minimum Temperature For Impact Testing   ±

Calculate ASME B31.5 refrigeration piping minimum temperature for impact testing from wall thickness and material type.

For carbon steel materials with a minimum temperature letter designation, the minimum temperature for testing can be calculated according to table 523.2.2 (curves A, B and C).

If the maximum stress is less than the design stress, the impact testing temperature can be reduced according to figure 523.2.2 using the stress ratio (the ratio of design tensile streess over allowable stress). Use the hoop stress calculator to calculate the hoop tensile stress. Use the flexibility calculators to calculate longitudinal tensile stress. Use the workbook ASME B31.5 data tables to look up minimum temperature and letter designation data.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.5 : Refrigeration Piping And Heat Transfer Components (2013)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate pipe fitting minor loss factors.

Minor loss factors can be defined as:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units.

Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow   ±

Calculate compressible flow ratios and gas properties for isentropic and isothermal flow (critical over stagnation ratios, flowing over stagnation ratios, and flowing over critical flow ratios).

For isentropic flow, critical flow occurs at M = 1. For isothermal flow, critical flow occurs at M = 1 / √k, where k is the specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv). For isothermal flow the isothermal temperature is assumed equal to the stagnation temperature. Phase changes are ignored.

For flow through a throat, the flow upstream from the throat is sub critical (M ≤ Mc). The flow downstream is super critical (M > Mc). The area ratio is inversely proportional to the mass flux ratio. At stagnation conditions, the area ratio is infinite.

Use the Result Plot option to plot flow ratios versus Mach number, or nozzle area ratio and diameter ratio versus Mach number.

Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate compressible flow pressure relief valve capacity for isentropic, isothermal, and adiabatic conditions.

For pressure relief valves with no header, the mass flow rate can be calculated for isentropic or isothermal flow. The pressure relief valve is assumed to exit directly to ambient pressure. If the ambient pressure is less than the critical pressure the flow is critical (Mc = 1 for isentropic flow and Mc = √(1/γ) for isothermal flow). If the ambient pressure is greater than the critical nozzle pressure, the flow is sub critical (M < Mc). For isothermal flow the stagnation temperature should be close to or equal to the ambient temperature (for example a gas transmission pipeline). Phase changes are ignored.

For a combined pressure relief valve and pressure relief header, the mass flow rate can be calculated for

  • Isentropic nozzle and adiabatic header
  • Isentropic nozzle and isothermal header
  • Isothermal nozzle and isothermal header

The pressure relief valve is assumed to exit directly into the header. If the header inlet pressure is less than or equal to the nozzle critical pressure the nozzle flow is critical (Mc = 1 for isentropic flow and Mc = √(1/γ) for isothermal flow), and the mass flow rate is restricted by the nozzle. The header inlet pressure is calculated so that the header mass flow rate equals the nozzle mass flow rate. If the header inlet pressure is greater than the critical nozzle pressure, the nozzle flow is sub critical (M < Mc), and the mass flow rate is restricted by the header. The mass flow rate is calculated so that the header inlet pressure is equal to the nozzle pressure. The mass flow rate through the nozzle is always equal to the mass flow rate through the header.

For a pressure relief header, the mass flow rate can be calculated for adiabatic or isothermal flow. If the header is attached directly to the outlet of a pressure relief valve (PRV), the header inlet pressure should be set equal to the PRV nozzle outlet pressure. The header should be sized so that the calculated header mass flowrate is greater than or equal to the PRV mass flowrate. For headers with more than one PRV, the header mass flowrate is divided by the number of PRV's. If the header is oversized, the header inlet pressure will reduce so that the actual header mass flowrate is equal to the nozzle mass flowrate (there is a pressure drop between the PRV outlet and the header inlet).

Note : If the PRV is attached to a small diameter header which feeds into a larger diameter header (possibly with multiple PRVs), the large diameter header should be sized first. The inlet pressure for the large diameter header is used as the ambient pressure for the smaller diameter header (and PRV).

Header pressure losses are calculated from the pressure loss factor (fld = fL/D + K). The Darcy friction factor f is calculated for fully turbulent flow using the rough pipe equation. The header is assumed to be constant diameter. Minor losses can be included by the minor loss K factor, and should include valves and bends etc. The header entry and exit losses should not be included (the fluid dynamic pressure loss is included in the calculation). The discharge coefficient can also be used for minor losses, and as a safety factor. If the ambient pressure is less than the critical header pressure the header exit flow is critical (Mc = 1 for isentropic flow and Mc = √(1/γ) for isothermal flow). If the ambient pressure is greater than the critical header pressure, the header exit flow is sub critical (M < Mc). The header entry flow is assumed to be sub critical for all flow conditions.

The effective PRV valve nozzle orifice diameter and cross section area can be calculated from API letter designation (API 526 type D to T). API effective orifice sizing is used to compensate for the friction pressure losses in the relief valve. The combination of valve and nozzle orifice must be tested with the operating fluid at the design conditions, and certified as having a flow rate greater than or equal to the calculated flow rate for the equivalent size. The API 526 orifice sizing assumes isentropic flow. For certified API 526 valves, the isentropic nozzle calculation option should be used.

Note : The pressure relief header calculation is not suitable for pressure relief vents. Headers are assumed to be part of a PRV system. Vents are constant diameter piping attached to a pipeline or pressure vessel.

Use the Result Plot option to plot pressure, mach number and mass flow rate.

Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Gas Property   ±

Calculate compressible flow gas properties.

Calculate gas specific heat constant pressure, specific heat constant volume, specific heat ratio, molar mass, gas constant, gas specific gravity, gas compressibility factor and density from gas temperature and pressure. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equation of state (EOS).

Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Gas Oil Ratio   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Water Cut Ratio   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Critical Flow Ratio   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Phase To Liquid Phase Ratio   ±

Calculate gas phase to liquid phase ratios.

Gas to liquid ratios include the gas volume fraction, gas mass fraction, gas moles to liquid volume ratio (GOR), and gas mass to liquid volume ratio. Gas moles can be measured as gas volume at standard conditions (eg SCF or SCM).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for two phase gas liquids (gas and oil or gas and liquid).

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. It is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Viscosity   ±

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for three phase black oil (gas oil and water).

Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction.

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Fluid Gas Oil Ratio GOR   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Liquid Water Cut Ratio   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Density   ±

Calculate fluid density for three phase black oil (oil, water and gas).

The gas oil ratio is the ratio of gas moles to oil volume. The gas mass fraction is the ratio of gas mass to total fluid mass. The gas volume fraction is the ratio of gas volume to total fluid volume. Water cut is the ratio of water volume over total liquid volume (equals the water volume fraction in the liquid). Gas volume is dependent on fluid temperature and pressure. Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Two Phase Gas Liquid Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate two phase gas liquid heat capacity.

Fluid heat capacity can be calculated for single phase phase liqui. single phase gas, or combined liquid and gas. Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over liquid volume. Gas moles are commonly measured by standard cubic feet (scf), and stand cubic meters (scm). Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Three Phase Gas Oil Water (Black Oil) Heat Capacity   ±

Calculate three phase gas oil water (black oil) heat capacity.

Black oil is a three phase mixture of oil, water and gas. Water cut is measured relative to the total liquid volume (gas volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is measured relative to the oil volume at standard conditions (water volume is ignored). Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over liquid volume. Gas moles are commonly measured by standard cubic feet (scf), and stand cubic meters (scm). Gas oil ratio is often measured as gas standard volume (scf or scm) per oil volume (barrels, gallons, cubic feet or cubic meters).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Velocity Of Sound In A Solid   ±

Calculate the velocity of sound in a solid.

The speed of sound in a solid is calculated from the solid density and bulk modulus.

`a = √(K / ρ) `

where :

a = speed of sound
K = bulk modulus
ρ = density

The bulk modulus can be calculated from the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, or from the speed of sound in the solid.

`K = a^2 ρ `
`K = E / (3 (1 - 2 γ )) `

where :

E = elastic modulus
γ = Poisson ratio

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Material Elastic Modulus   ±

Calculate material elastic modulus.

The elastic stiffness of a material is defined by the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, Lame's first parameter, bulk modulus, shear modulus and p-wave modulus. Calculate material Poisson ratio, bulk modulus, Lames first parameter, shear modulus and p-wave modulus. These six properties are interdependent so that if any two properties are known the other four properties can be calculated.

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DATA MODULE : ASME B31 Pipe And Flange Dimension ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±

ASME B31.8 gas pipe and flange data values: pipe dimensions, flange dimensions, cover requirements, cold bends, burn through and location class.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.8 : Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems

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    DATA MODULE : Fluid Specific Heat Capacity ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
    DATA MODULE : Material Elastic Modulus And Poisson Ratio ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
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